Cop Car Love Story

like needles keeping a mouth shut,
with burning desire
blue suits of foolish men
on the funeral pyre

What deed have they done?
while spies make their call
as shallow blue lights
break into the dawn

he looks into her eyes
with his painful delight
gives her a smile
in this bittersweet night

they put words in his mouth
while he retains his
anding the night with
a getaway kiss

like needles keeping a mouth shut,
with burning desire
blue suits of foolish men
on the funeral pyre

yes, placed words in his mouth
and a blade in his chest
he who never was knowing
never knows best

Mullaney: The Flowing Poet

Will Satcher
Mrs. Bosch
English 10 Honors
April 13, 2007
The Flowing Poet
Many modern poets use multiple literary devices in their work. Some of the most commonly used devices are similes and metaphors, which can be used to represent a feeling or express an image. Writers of poetry use these to express feelings, display childhood events, etc. One such writer is S. Donovan Mullaney, a poet who introduces himself into a wide variety of activities and writing styles. He bears a rough past, disgraced earlier in life because of his apparent homosexuality, and seems to believe that man is only free in death and understands the belief that if a man does not make his mark, he will never be remembered, yet shows a contradictory stance that everyone leaves behind memories. Overall, he is a poet of wide varieties and uses many symbols to represent eccentric feelings and beliefs in powerful senses of literature.
Born in Plymouth, Massachusetts, Mullaney was meant to be a poet even as a child, because “finding words to illustrate every situation or emotion has been his calling from an early age—from his first haiku written at age six.” (MJS Publishing) He grew up under the suppression of family, mostly his father, mentioning that he did not want a “scarecrow son,” which seems to mean a homosexual offspring. Blood and Leaves, written by Mullaney in spirit of a gay pride march, displays the result of his oppressed upbringing-
I.
Towers collapse and there's not enough
blood to cover everyone.
He approaches the blood-letters
with arms bared, his closet clean.
He's ready to spill,
but he can't bleed
for them.

II.
Love comes free, even for those
who break our scarecrow and hang him
on a morning fence--look, a savior!
Another restless mother comes up from sleep
to reach for her children's safety.
Parents are glad he's not their son.
No one loves a scarecrow
the way crows do, sacrifice
that gives them voice again.


Law-holders shiver when they turn the leaves
to see this version of love underneath them,
spreading, sure of air
come May.

IV.
We wake naked today;
our closets are full of clothes
we never thought we'd wear,
and we're ready for the leaves.
The blood in our bare arms knows
love's without version. (Mullaney)
By stating that nobody wants a scarecrow child, he means that none want a homosexual son. It would seem that the crows are those who make fun of him for being who he is, believing and making him believe that he has no brain (in relation to the scarecrow in The Wizard of Oz). Only some are brave enough to show who they truly are and he is one of these few, his closet clean, waking naked.
Since his days as a poet began, he has published three titles, his most prominent of them being Follow the Wolf Moon, a collection of his poetry emphasizing his thoughts on all things. In some of his poems Mullaney demonstrates a belief that man is only free in death. “Ballad of a Haunted Oak” projects this theme vividly. However, it may be in a more political sense; the doctor, judge, and minister representing different branches of government, yet with the mention of a minister it may in fact be on religious thoughts.
Ballad of a Haunted Oak
So bare, so bare, is the old oak tree;
so bare, is the old oak tree.
It's dried and dead; it’s burned with dread.
where a guiltless man swung free.
And when I go through the shade it throws,
a shudder runs over me.

They charged him with the old, old crime.
They set him fast in their jail.
How the dogs howl all night long,
and how the night wind wails.

The judge wore a mask of black;
the doctor wore one of white.
The minister brought his oldest son
to witness justice that night.

They ride, they ride, over a moonlit road;
they're haulin’ a shameful load.
Their rope is long; their minds are wrong,
and the lies they tell are bold.
Laughter low in lying throats,
and their hearts are moonlight cold.

They left only the tree to hear his last sigh,
to shake with his gurgling moan,
to tremble as they rode on by
and left him a-swingin’ alone.

So bare, so bare is the old oak tree;
so bare is the old oak tree.
It's dried and dead; it’s burned with dread
where a guiltless man swung free.
And when I go through the shade it throws,
a shudder runs over me.

The rope runs against the moonlit trunk;
it creaks under the strain.
In the final throe of an innocent's woe
the tree feels its own last pain.

Dead man, free man, I promise you now
that after a little space,
time will come when these men shall dread
the mem'ry of your face.

So bare, so bare is the old oak tree;
so bare is the old oak tree.
It's dried and dead; it’s burned with dread
where a guiltless man swung free
from the bough of a haunted tree.
And when I go through the shade it throws,
a shudder runs over me. (Mullaney)
Mullaney isn’t exactly sure completely what his poems are about, however, nor are many others. He has perplexed even himself. Perhaps the old oak is freedom and the minister religion, the doctor business, and the judge government. Perhaps the guiltless man is an artist or a poet. Or perchance he is suppressed man wishing to break free. Emotions flow through and when the right feeling hits, like any poet, the words just flow onto the paper. Truly, Mullaney is a “lot of things, I guess, but mostly I'm confused. I prefer to let my writing speak for me.” (S. Mullaney, Blog) Indeed, a confused soul, but all the better for a true poet.
Writers such as TS Eliot, Joyce Peseroff, Lloyd Schwartz, Elizabeth Bishop, Charles de Lint, and Frank Herbert have influenced Mullaney. He is also a graphic artist and musician. Some of his poetry and music is written about his feelings toward his family. One of the more famous pieces by Mullaney shows that he comprehends the belief that if a man does not make his mark on this world, he will never be remembered, yet that he does not fully believe this as truth. In “Chief Sunday’s Squaw, it seems as though chief Sunday is his grandmother or some other relation. She helps keep the family alive even after death; she gives them something to think about, though she never actually did anything to mark the world, contradicting the initially perceived meaning of the poem. This concludes that there is a second possible meaning to the poem: that everyone leaves a mark, a memory on this Earth, some are simply larger than others.
"Get up, get up," said my mother, “Chief Sunday's
Squaw is dead. Dig a hole in the yard.”
Tuesday morning we buried the llama.

I couldn’t close Sunday’s eyes all the way,
but three tugs softened her death stare.
A final shearing so mother could make a scarf
for my stepfather: “She’ll keep him warm when
chemotherapy makes him cold.”

Standing on the grave, I thought: the ground
doesn’t exist—just small particles suspended
in a galaxy of space, behaving as if they relate.

A scientist put an electron in a magnetic box
and split it into two protons, which he separated.
Apart, each kept circling, acting as though they were still
attached, still one thing.
Like my grandmother and her twin
sister, who would travel 2000 miles and arrive
wearing the same outfit in different colors.

I’ve stood on their graves too—
six feet below protons I once revolved around,
from “cuchy-coo” to “This time I won’t
pull through.” They’re gone; I’m already going.
Eighteen-thousand-dollar porcelain teeth
are all that will be left of me.

Sunday gave my stepfather a scarf, my mother a purpose
in the morning, me words that will last as long as paper,
or as long as bytes on my hard-drive remember
to stick together.

Emily Dickinson burned in private,
eighteen-hundred poems strong. Who knew?
Except death and those who stopped for her
after him. And now the rest of us.
Perhaps what she wrote
was a kind of karmic record—
God’s or Dharma’s uncrashable, impervious
read-only memory.

We’ll plant an oak tree over Sunday. When it falls,
the vibration will have to pass an eardrum
to become a sound. Otherwise, it just falls. (Mullaney)
One can plainly see how this poem is contradictory, regarding the mother’s thoughts versus the last three lines of the poem. However, the theme may indeed be that all should leave a mark for others, even just one person. One should be known and influence at least a few lives in the course of life. Yes, possibly we all leave our own individual mark on this Earth, and that is what Mullaney is trying to teach us.
A man of the arts, Mullaney is a favorite in the MJS Publishing Group. His work is not well known, though he is a rising poet. The lessons that Mullaney’s poetry teaches are valuable ones; to cherish the time one has, to find happiness, and to be yourself, no matter what others say or think. If all mankind could stop and read a little poetry, perhaps they would find the true greatness in just cherishing life.








Work Cited
Follow the Wolf Moos by S. Donovan Mullaney. 2006 MJS Publishing Group, LLC. 950 6th Street, Del Norte, CO 81132. April 13, 2007.

S. Donovan Mullaney (Author) on Authorsden.com. April 13, 2007.

Soul Meets Blog. January 2006. April 13, 2007.

Night

Reaction Journal


Pages 1-10

December 18, 2007/Page 9:
"We drank, we ate, we sang. The Bible bade us rejoice during the seven days of the feast, to be happy. But our hearts were not in it. Our hearts had been beating more rapidly for some days. We wished the feast were over, so that we should not have to play this comedy any longer."

This seemed a little strange to me. I understand why they would wish the feast to be over sooner-so that they could go home and not act happily-but it would still seem to me that they would rejoice, even if they know it may be the last time. However, it may even foreshadow what they will think of religion later on in the book.

PAGES 11-20

January 1, 2007/Page 14:
"There was joy-yes, joy. Perhaps they thought that God could have devised no torment in hell worse than that of sitting there among the bundles, in the middle of the road, beneath a blazing sun; that anything would be preferable to that. They began their journey without a backward glance at the abandoned streets, the dead, empty houses, the gardens, the tombstones....On everyone's back was a pack. In everyone's eyes was suffering drowned in tears. Slowly, heavily, the procession made its way to the gate of the ghetto."

I thought of it as a sad thing that these poor people were considering this a vacation. Instead they received a place of torture and imprisonment. They were glad to be leaving their homes and lives. They figured it would just be a small trip, an adventure in their lives. Little did they know that Moshe the Beadle was telling the truth.


PAGES 21-30

January 1, 2007/Page 25:
"We looked at the flames in the darkness. There was an abominable odor floating in the air. Suddenly, our doors opened. Some odd-looking characters, dressed in striped shirts and black trousers leapt into the wagon. They held electric torches and truncheons. They began to strike out to right and left, shouting: 'Everybody get out! Everyone out of the wagon! Quickly!' We jumped out. I threw a last glance towards Madame Schachter. Her little boy was holding her hand. In front of us flames. In the air that smell of burning flesh. It must have been about midnight. We had arrived-at Birkenau, reception center for Auschwitz."

These poor unfortunate souls finally realize where they are and what is happening. They have no idea what is to come-death perhaps-but they are hoping against it. Yet with the smell of burning flesh in the air and the sights that they are about to see… Only the strong will get through this.


PAGES 31-40

January 1, 2007/Page 31:
"'Yitgadal veyitkadach shme raba... May His Name be blessed and magnified...' whispered my father. For the first time, I felt revolt rise up in me. Why should I bless His name? The Eternal, Lord of the Universe, the All-Powerful and Terrible, was silent. What had I to thank Him for?"

This is the first of many instances in which Elie begins to doubt God. His father who remans religious prays to Him. But Elie says he has no reason to thank God, if there is one. This is exactly what the Nazis wanted of them-to eliminate the Jewish religion by ending their belief in God.


PAGES 41-50

January 1, 2007/Page 42:
"Some talked of God, of his mysterious ways, of the sins of the Jewish people, and of their future deliverance. But I had ceased to pray. How I sympathized with Job! I did not deny God's existence, but I doubted His absolute justice. Akiba Drumer said: "God is testing us. He wants us to find out whether we can dominate our base instincts and kill the Satan within us. We have no right to despair. And if he punishes us relentlessly, it's a sign that He loves us all the more."

Akiba and many others still have faith in God. Elie has not lost his belief, but some of his ideas of God have gone askew: he no longer believes in God’s power, no longer believes what Akiba is saying. Akiba is a basic projection of the belief of almost every Jew in the camps. That view of God may change in time, though.

PAGES 51-60

January 1, 2007/Page 52:
"I had watched the whole scene without moving. I kept quiet. In fact I was thinking of how to get farther away so that I would not be hit myself. What is more, any anger I felt at that moment was directed, not against the Kapo, but against my father. I was angry with him, for not knowing how to avoid Idek's outbreak. That is what concentration camp life had made of me."

This passage is extremely significant. It shows just how the concentration camps had changed him, and started dehumanizing him. He was becoming not a human, but an object. This would likely happen to every one of the prisoners soon, which is exactly what the concentration camps were created for.

PAGES 61-70

January 1, 2007/Page 62:
"For more than half an hour he stayed there, struggling between life and death, dying in slow agony under our eyes. And we had to look him full in the face. He was still alive when I passed in front him. His tongue was still red, his eyes were not yet glazed. Behind me, I heard the same man asking: "Where is God now?" And I heard a voice within me answer him: "Where is He? Here He is-He is hanging here on this gallows..." That night the soup tasted of corpses."

There is no way I could write about anything other than the little angel-faced boy in these past ten pages. This is the time when they believe that God is finally dying to them. But he is struggling not to die. This means that they want to keep him in their hearts, and they want to believe in him, but with this occurrence of despair I their hearts, burned into their memories as if branded there, there is just no way they can believe in any divine being anymore.

PAGES 71-80

January 1, 2007/Page 73:
"In three days I shall no longer be here.... Say the Kaddish for me. We promised him. In three days' time, when we saw the smoke rising from the chimney, we would think of him. Ten of us would gather together and hold a special service. All his friends would say the Kaddish. Then he went off toward the hospital, his step steadier, not looking back. An ambulance was waiting to take him to Birkenau. These were terrible days. We received more blows than food; we were crushed with work. And three days after he had gone we forgot to say the Kaddish."

This shows the view of “every man for himself.” They were taught to forget what had happened very quickly, and needed only to care for and rely on themselves. This was how they had been taught since the time in the concentration camps, and it was how they kept alive. It is, however, very unfortunate.

PAGES 81-90

January 1, 2007/Page 83:
"We were masters of nature, masters of the world. We had forgotten everything-death, fatigue, our natural needs. Stronger than cold or hunger, stronger than the shots and the desire to die, condemned and wandering, mere numbers, we were the only men on earth."

This shows their will and ability to stay alive, no matter how much they wanted to die. They wished to keep alive more than anything else, and they were strong enough to do it. Stronger, even, than the Nazis, who had to contain them with weapons. The Nazis who had to switch off running in the same snow that these “numbers” ran in mechanically and without thought.

PAGES 91-100

January 1, 2007/Page 95:
" Some years later, I watched the same kind of scene at Aden. The passengers on our boat were amusing themselves by throwing coins to the "natives," who were diving in to get them. An attractive, aristocratic Parisienne was deriving special pleasure from the game. I suddenly noticed that two children were engaged in a death struggle, trying to strangle each other. I turned to the lady. "Please," I begged, "don’t' throw any more money in!" "Why not?" she said. "I like to give charity..."

This is the cruelty of humanity. Elie learns now just how evil men can be, even to their fellow humans. The actions of the Parisienne woman reminded Elie of his experiences during the holocaust. The sad part is that Elie was permanently scarred for life because of what he saw during those terrible times in the concentration camps, especially on the train, where a boy even went to the length of killing his own father for bread, only to die after the struggle.

PAGES 101-109

January 1, 2007/Page 109:
"One day I was able to get up, after gathering all my strength. I wanted to see myself in the mirror hanging on the opposite wall. I had not seen myself since the ghetto. From the depths of the mirror, a corpse gazed back at me. The look in his eyes, as they stared into mine, has never left me."

This is one of the most unbearably depressing lines within the book. To not see yourself for years, then look at your reflection and see the dead. Assuredly Elie has seen enough dead already, then to have to look like one himself… It is as if it was not his own body that he was in. Unfortunately he cannot escape the body that assumes, though he should hope to some day leave behind those memories, but he has even said, even if he lives as long as god, he never shall forget.


Questions

1. Elie Weisel's childhood home was in Sighet, Transylvania.

2. The cabala is a collection of Jewish writings dating from the medieval period, which consists mainly of speculative and symbolical interpretations of Hebrew scriptures.

3. The truths that Weisel was referring to were truths about the human race, why we do what we do, more information and investigation into his faith and belief in God. The kind of truths that Weisel was ignorant of were those that dealt with the fact that some humans do not treat others well, and that you cannot control what others do, say, and think

4. Moshe the Beadle was a significant figure in the novel in that he taught Elie all that he knew about the cabala and about thier religion and faith. What he tells Elie about answers his numerous questions and teaches him that the truth is that you have to search for what you want to find. Moshe was prescient in his admonition to Elie because he had seen the evils that were to come to them if they did not leave as soon as possible.

5. The people of Sighet ignore Moshe the Beadle after his escape because they are naive-they rely too much on the Russians and Americans and believe that what he is telling them is farfetched. They do not listen to him because they do not want to believe that what he is saying is true.

6. Madame Schatcher is the lady boarded on the train on thier way to Auschwitz. The people believe she is crazy because of her cries about the furnaces (only to learn later on that they are true). People do not listen to her and this is how she is similar to Moshe the Beadle. Her "prophecies" go unbelieved by the passengers on board the train.

7. This passage was all about the experiences that led Elie to lose faith in his God, in his people, and in himself. This is a section of the book in which he expresses strong feelings toward his experiences during the Holocaust.

8. Basically, this passage was about Elie's emotional ideas and emotional scarring after the Holocaust had ended. It shows that he will never forget the horrors that happened to him and his family. For as long as he lives, he says he will always remember.

9. Throughout Night, Elie first believes there is a God, and that He is constantly present in every soul, no matter who you are or what you've done. However, while in the "death camp," his views on god change. He then believes that if there was in fact a God that this concentration camp would not exist. Others in the camp thought otherwise; that there was in fact a God, and that He is using this camp to test their faith.

10. The literal meaning of night in Night is that it is simply time for rest. However, the symbolic meaning that night has in Night is the darkness that surrounds the Jewish and the others being oppressed. It is the darkness in their hearts, clouding their thoughts and judgement. However, there is always darkness before the dawn...

11. Night in my opinion is a very small Book because Wiesel did not wish to overdo it. Few disturbing images would have been enough. He probably did not wish to ruin the book with disgusting instances and horrific tales that would have frightned people from reading it-yet he set in just enough detail to get the point across: that none should ever do anything like this again.

12. Night can be interpreted as both a memoir of tragedy and of triumph. It is tragedy because of the horrors that had occurred at the concentration camps and those spoken of in the novel. Triumph because of the courage and the strength the survivors needed to keep living, to keep alive, and survive.

Greek and Latin Word roots: December 9th

balneo-, balne-
(Greek > Latin: bath, bathing; wash, washing)
balneal
Of or pertaining to baths or to bathing.
balnearii
People who steal clothing from public baths.
balnearil
The people who stole clothing from a public bath in ancient Rome.
balneary
A bathing room.
balneation
The act of bathing.
balneatory
Belonging to a bath.
balneatrix, balneatricis
Caretaker of a bath (feminine).
balneography
A written description about baths.
balneological
Of or pertaining to balneology.
balneologist
1. A specialist or expert in balneology.2. Someone who practices in the profession of balneotherapy.
balneology
The scientific medical study of bathing and medicinal springs.
balneophile, balneophilist
A collector of pictures of bathing girls or a fondness for collecting pictures of girls in swimsuits.

baro-, bar-, bary-
(Greek: weight, heavy; atmospheric pressure; a combining form meaning "pressure", as in barotaxis, or sometimes "weight", as in baromacrometer )
baragnosis, baragnosia, baroagnosis
1. The inability to appreciate or estimate weight. 2. Loss of the sense of weight.
baranesthesia
Insensibility to weight or pressure on the body.
baroceptor
In physiology, a pressure-sensitive receptor organ of the nervous system, found, for example, in the walls of blood vessels.
baroclinity, baroclinicity, barocliny
In physics, a state of fluid stratification in which isobaric surfaces and isosteric surfaces are not parallel, but intersect.
barocyclonometer
An aneroid barometer with diagrams and directions for detecting the existence of a storm at a distance of several hundred miles.
barodontalgia
Toothache associated with the reduction in atmospheric pressure in high-altitude flying. Also: aerodontalgia.
barodynamics
In mechanics, the study of the mechanics of heavy structures that are liable to collapse under their own weight.
baric
Relating to barometric pressure (as in isobar) or to weight generally.

bentho-
(Greek: deep, depth; the fauna and flora of the bottom of the sea; sea bottom; depth [by extension, this element includes lake, river, and stream bottoms])
benthos
1. Those organisms attached to, living on, in or near the sea bed, river bed, or lake floor. 2. The biogeographic region at the bottom of a sea or ocean (or, more broadly, at the soil-water interface of an ocean, sea, or lake). The organisms living in such a region include the permanently attached or immobile forms (e.g., sponges, corals, oysters), creeping forms (e.g., crabs, snails), and the burrowing animals (e.g., worms). Barnacles, the larger seaweeds, and sea squirts are also members of this group.3. The organisms living on sea or lake bottoms. The benthos are divided into sessile organisms (those that are attached to the bottom or to objects on or near the bottom) snd vagrant organisms (those that crawl or swim along the bottom).

Berserk
(Old Norse: berserkar, literally, “bear’s skin”; a Norse-myth warrior)
berserk
1. Behaving in an uncontrolled way as a result of anger or irrational feeling; to go berserk.2. Extremely excited or enthusiastic about something (informal): "The crowd went berserk when the movie star finally appeared."3. Destructively or frenetically violent: "The berserk worker started to smash all of the windows."4. Mentally or emotionally upset; deranged: "She was berserk with grief."5. Informal: Unrestrained, as with enthusiasm or appetite; wild: "They went berserk over the chocolates."

bio-, bi-, -biotic
(Greek: life; living, live, alive, bi- meaning "two")
biophotometer
An obsolete instrument once used for measuring the rate and degree of dark adaptation, as in vitamin "A" deficiency.
biophylaxis, biophylactic
Nonspecific defense reactions of the body, e.g., phagocytosis, vascular and other reactions of inflammatory processes.
biceps
A muscle with two points of origin; especially, the large muscle at the front of the upper arm that flexes the elbow joint and the large muscle at the back of the thigh that flexes the knee joint.
biophysics
1. The science dealing with the mechanical and electrical properties of the parts of a living organism.2. The study of biological processes and materials by means of the theories and tools of physics.3. The study of physical processes (e.g., electricity, luminescence) occurring in organisms.4. The science that applies the laws and methods of physics to the study of biological processes (used with a singular verb).
biophysiologist
One who investigates the physiology of living beings.
biophysiolography
Structural or descriptive biology.
biophysiology
That part of biology that includes organogeny, morphology, and physiology.
biophyte
A plant that feeds on other living organisms; a parasitic or predatory plant; or plants that get sustenance from living organisms.

Biopiracy
biopiracy
1. Biological theft; illegal collection of indigenous plants, microbes, enzymes, etc. by corporations who patent them for their own commercial use.2. The commercial development of naturally occurring biological materials; such as, plant substances or genetic cell lines, by a technologically advanced country or organization without fair compensation to the peoples or nations in whose territory the materials were originally discovered.
The patenting of plants, genes, and other biological products that are indigenous to a foreign country; for example, some developing tropical nations are saying that if the West cries foul over piracy of intellectual property or computer software, then biopiracy in Western labs of jungle extracts should also be considered a high economic crime.
Biopiracy usually refers to the privatization and unauthorized use of biological resources by entities (including corporations, universities, and governments) outside of a country that has pre-existing knowledge. This privatization and use is sometimes claimed to be predatory. Particular activities usually covered by the term are: Exclusive commercial rights to plants, animals, organs, microorganisms, and genes; as well as, commercialization of traditional communities' knowledge on biological resources; and patenting of biological resources.

bromo-, brom-
(Greek: stench, stink, bad odor; unpleasant bodily odor; bromine)
bromhidrosis, bromidrosis
1. Sweat that is fetid or offensive due to bacterial decomposition. It occurs mostly on the feet, in the groin, and under the arms.2. Also called kakidrosis, cacidrosis, fetid sweat, fetid perspiration, osmidrosis, ozochrotia.
Bromhidrosis, or body odor, is caused by bacteria growing on the body. These bacteria multiply considerably in the presence of sweat, but sweat itself is almost totally odorless. Body odor is associated with the hair, feet, crotch (upper medial thigh), anus, skin in general, breasts, armpits, genitals, and pubic hair.
bromidrosiphobia
A mental disorder in which there is an abnormal fear of personal odors, accompanied by hallucinations.
bromidrosiphobia, bromidrosophobia
An abnormal fear of one’s own personal body odors or those from others; sometimes with the belief that such an odor is present even when it is not.
bromohyperhidrosis
Profuse bromhidrosis. Also known as, bromohyperidrosis.
bromomenorrhea
Menstruation characterized by an offensive odor.
bromopnea
1. A strong, offensive smell, or stench from the mouth.2. Foul breath which may be caused by a disease within the mouth (dental caries, severe ulcerative stomatitis, ulceromembranous pharyngitis, etc.) or the nose (ozena, malignant disease, etc.), but frequently defies medical diagnosis.3. Also known as, halitosis, fetor ex ore, stomatodysodia, and ozostomia.

caco-, cac-, kako-, kak-
(Greek: bad, harsh, wrong, evil; incorrect; unpleasant; poor; used most of the time as a prefix)
alexicacon, alexikakon
A preservative against evil; a safeguard against bad.
cacaerometer
Measuring bad air.
cacaesthesia, cacesthesia, kakesthesia
Abnormal dysfunctional sensations on the skin; such as, a feeling of numbness, tingling, prickling, or a burning or cutting pain; heightened sensitivity. Also, dysesthesia and paresthesia.
cacergasia, kakergasia
The malfunctioning of the functions and reactions of the total individual in contradistinction to the functions of individual organs or parts of the human organism.
cachectic
Relating to or suffering from cachexia.
cachexia, cachexy
1. A state of ill health, malnutrition, and wastng. It may occur in many chronic diseases, certain malignancies, and advanced pulmonary tuberculosis. 2. A general weight loss and wasting occurring in the course of a chronic disease or emotional disturbance. 3. A chronic catabolic state, associated with certain infections and malignancies, characterized by weight loss that continues despite the consumption of an adequate diet.
cacidrosis, kakidrosis
Sweat that is fetid or offensive due to bacterial decomposition. It occurs mostly on the feet, in the groin, and under the arms.
cacochylous
A reference to bad chyle or difficult digestion.
cacodemon, cacodaemon, cacodemonia
1. An evil spirit or demon. 2. A name for nightmare.
cacodemoniac
One possessed with an evil spirit.
cacodemonomania
A delusion that one is, or is about to be inhabited by or possessed of, a devil or some evil spirit (demon).
cacodermia
Bad skin; i.e., a condition in which one has a pimply or rough skin.
cacodontia, cacodentia, cacodental
Having bad or malformed teeth.
cacodorous
Bad-smelling, ill-smelling, malodorous.
cacodox
Holding what is considered to be wrong or evil opinions, teachings, or doctrines.

digit-, digiti-
(Latin: finger, toe; from Greek daktylos)
bidigitate, bidigital
Having two digits, fingers, or finger-like processes.
digit
1. A finger or toe in human beings or the corresponding part in other vertebrates.2. Any of the Arabic numerals 0 to 9; one of the elements that collectively form a system of numbers.3. Any of the symbols of other number systems, as 0 or 1 in the binary.4. The width of a finger used as a unit of length, equal to approximately 2 cm (3/4 in).5. In astronomy, the twelfth part of the sun's or moon's diameter; used to express the magnitude of an eclipse.
In anatomy, a jointed body part at the end of the limbs of many vertebrates. The limbs of primtes end in five digits, while the limbs of horses end in a single digit that terminates in a hoof. The fingers and toes are digits in humans.
digital
1. Pertaining to, resembling, or using a digit or digits.2. Resembling an impression made by a finger.3. Pertaining to data in the form of discrete states as contrasted to analog data in the form of continuously variable physical quantities.
In computer science, representing or operating on data or information in numerical form. A digital clock uses a series of changing digits to represent time at discrete intervals; for example, every second. Modern computers rely on digital processing techniques, in which both data and the instructions for manipulating data are represented as binary numbers.
digitalgia
Pain in a digit.
digitalgia paresthetica
Pain, paresthesiae, and numbness restricted to the distribution of a single digital nerve.
digitaliform
A reference to the form of the corolla of the fox-glove.
digitalis
The dried leaf of Digitalis purpurea, the purple foxglove.
The flower digitalis, long known as a heart stimulant, is so named bcause a human finger, or digit, fits snugly into one of its deep-throated bells.
digitalisation, digitalization
The administration of digitalis for the treatment of certain heart disorders.
digitally
By means of digits; in digital form.
digitaria
Crab grass; finger grass.
digitary
Of or pertaining to the fingers.
digitate
1. Having fingers or toes, or having parts that are like fingers or toes; having radiating divisions or leaflets resembling the fingers of a hand.2. A description of leaves that have divisions or parts arrayed from a central point like the spread fingers of a hand.
digitate
1. Possessing several fingerlike processes or impressions.2. Arranged like the fingers of the hand.3. Of quadrupeds that have separate or divided digits or toes.4. Of leaves, etc.: Having deep radiating divisions; now usually applied to compound leaves consisting of a number of leaflets all springing from one point, as in the horse-chestnut.
digitated
Having divisions for the toes.
digitately
1. Having digits or fingerlike projections.2. In botany, having distinct parts arising from a common point or center; palmate.

Greek and Latin words

acous-, acou-, -acoustical, -acusis-, -acusia
(Greek: hearing, listening, of or for hearing)
acouasm
In psychiatry: a nonverbal auditory hallucination, such as a ringing or hissing in the ears; acousma; also known as tinnitus.
acoubouy
Used by military ordnance, a listening device dropped by parachute onto land and water, used to detect sounds of enemy movements and transmit them to orbiting aircraft or land stations.
acouesthesia
The sense of hearing; auditory perception.
"You can hear cow bells but you can't hear cow horns.
—Evan Esar
"We hear what we listen for.
—Anonymous
"A good listener is one who can give you his full attention without hearing a word you say. "
—Anonymous
acoumeter
An instrument used for estimating the power or extent of the sense of hearing before the introduction of audiometers. Variant spellings include these words: acouometer, acoumeter, acousmeter, acousmetric, acousmometric, acoumetry, and acoumetric.
acouophone
An obsolete term for an electric hearing aid.
acouophonia
"Auscultatory percussion" or the act of listening to sounds produced within the body; especially, the chest and abdomen, as a means of detecting evidence of disorders or pregnancy.
acousia
This is now spelled acusis.
acousma
A simple auditory hallucination, such as ringing or buzzing sounds "in the ears"; also acouasm.
acousmata
Things heard on authority; a technical word for a school of philosophy.
acousmatagnosis
In psychology, an abnormal inability to understand spoken words and to recognize meaningful sounds.
acousmatamnesia
1. Failure of the memory to call up the images of sounds.
2. The inability to remember certain sounds.
acousmatic
A professed hearer, a class of scholars under Pythagoras, who listened to his teachings, without inquiring into their inner truths or basis.
acoustic, acoustical, acoustically
Pertaining to the sense of hearing; adapted to aid hearing; the science of audible sounds.
acoustic agraphia
The inability to write from dictation (from what is heard).
acousticate
To deny that one has been correctly heard even when one is painfully aware that there has been no mistake, this denial being often supported by the hasty fabrication of a new utterance, similar in sound to the original, but more agreeable in sense.
"I quickly acousticated 'fatuous ass' into 'anfractuous mass,' and nobody noticed a thing."
—In a Word, edited by Jack Hitt; as quoted from Richard Tristman, professor.
acoustic hypoesthesia (hypoacusis)
Partial loss of hearing.
acoustician
A specialist in acoustics.
acousticofacial
Relating to both the eighth (auditory) and seventh (facial) cranial nerves.
acousticomotor
A motor response to sound.
acousticon
An instrument for helping the hearing impaired to hear.
acousticopalpebral
Relating to both the acoustic part of the eighth cranial nerve and the eyelids. The orbicularis oculi muscle, which closes the eyelids, is innervated by the seventh (facial) nerve.
acousticophobia, akousticophobia
An abnormal fear of hearing noises in general or specific noises or sounds. This phobia goes beyond just being startled by sudden loud noises. Some people fear specific noises, such as whistling, balloons popping, or sonic booms.
acoustics
1. The science of sound and the phenomena of hearing.
2. In physics, the science and study of sound, including its production, transmission, and effects.
3. In architecture: a. The sum of the qualities, as absence of echo or reverberation, that determine the value of a room, enclosure, or auditorium with respect to distinct hearing. b. The science of planning and building an enclosure so that sound will be perfectly transmitted within it.
4. In psychology: the part of psychology dealing with hearing. Acoustics is usually construed as a singular noun, except in the sense with reference to the science of sound qualities for buildings as in "3.a" above.
acoustimeter
A portable electronic device for measuring noise levels, especially those of traffic.
acoustoelectric effect
In electronics, the generatioin of a DC voltage in a crystal or in a metallic material, due to acoustic waves traveling along the surface of the material.
acoustoelectronics
The use of acoustic energy to create electromagnetic waves, usually with crystals or metals that react when bombarded with acoustic waves, and the processing of such waves prior to reproduction of the original sound.
acoustogram, acoustigram
The graphic tracing of the curves, delineated in frequencies per second and decibel levels, of sounds produced by motion of a joint. Applied to the knee joint, an acoustogram will show the sound of the moving semilunar cartilages, the moving contact between the articular surfaces of the femur and tibia, and the circulation of the synovia.
acousto-optics, acousto-optic, acousto-optical, acousto-optically
The science and technology of the interactions between sound waves and light waves passing through solid materials, especially as applied to the modulation and deflection of laser beams by ultrasonic waves; important in laser and holographic technologies.
acoutometer
An instrument for measuring the level of sounds.
acusis
1. The ability to perceive sounds normally; normal hearing.
2. Hearing, used in combination to denote a specified kind of hearing, as in presbyacusis, hypoacusis, etc.

acro-, acr-
(Greek: high, highest, highest point; top, tip end, outermost; extreme; extremity of the body)
acroagnosia
Lack of sensory recognition of a limb.
acroagnosis
Lack of sensory recognition of a limb (arms and/or legs); also, acragnosis.
acroanesthesia
Loss of sensation in the extremities; such as the hands, fingers, toes, and feet.
acroarthritis
Arthritis affecting the extremities (hands or feet).
acroasphyxia
1. An obsolete term for acrocyanosis.
2. Neurosis marked by asphyxia of the extremities. 3. Impaired digital circulation, possibly a mild form of Raynaud’s disease, marked by a purplish or waxy white color of the fingers, with subnormal local temperature and paresthesia. Also known as “dead fingers”, or “waxy fingers”.
acroataxia
Ataxia affecting the distal portion of the extremities; such as, hands and fingers, feet, and toes.
Ataxia is the inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement, so that smooth movements occur.
acrobat, acrobatic
A performer on the trapeze, tightrope, etc.
acroblast
A body in the spermatid from which arises the acrosome.
acrobrachycephaly
A condition resulting from fusion of the coronal suture, causing abnormal shortening of the anteroposterior diameter of the skull.
acrobryous
Growing only at the tip.
acrobystitis
Inflammation of the prepuce (foreskin).
Acrocanthosaurus
A “high-spined lizard” from Early Cretaceous Oklahoma , Utah, and Texas, USA. Named by U.S paleotologists John Willis Stovall and Wann Langston, Jr. in 1950.
acrocarpous
Bearing fruit at the end of the stalk, as some mosses.
acrocentric
A type of chromosome having the centromere near one end of the replicating chromosome, so that one arm is much longer than the other.
acrocephalia, acrocephalic, acrocephalous, acrocephaly
Denoting a head that is pointed and conelike; also known as, oxycephaly, oxycephalous.

aesth-, esth-, aesthe-, esthe-, aesthesio-, esthesio-, aesthesia-, -esthesia
(Greek: feeling, sensation, perception)
aesthacyte
A sensory cell of primitive animals such as sponges.
aesthesia, esthesia
The ability to feel sensations; perception.
aesthesic, esthesic
A reference to the mental perception of sensations.
aesthesiogenic
Producing or causing sensation.
aesthesiometer
An instrument for the purpose of determining the degree of tactile sensibility possessed by the patient.
aesthesis
The perception of the external world by the senses.
aesthesodic
Of nerves that provide a path for sensory impulses; conveying sensations from the external organs to the brain or nerve center.
aesthetasc
An olfactory receptor on the small antennae of some crustaceans; such as, Daphnia (water fleas, some species of which are commonly used as food for aquarium fish).
aesthete, esthete
1. A person who is highly sensitive to art and beauty.2. One who has an acute delight in the beauty of color, line, sound, and texture with a violent distaste for the ugly, shapeless, and discordant. 3. A person who artificially cultivates artistic sensitivity or makes a cult of art and beauty.
aesthetes, esthetes
A reference to sense organs or the plural of esthete.

alcoholo-, alcohol-, alcoho-
(Arabic > Latin: alcohol, originally an "essence or very fine powder", from Arabic al-kuhl which is from al-, "the", and kohl or kuhl, "antimony sulfide" )
alcholimetric
A reference to a device, called a alcoholometer, that measures the quantity of alcohol contained in a liquid.
alcholizer
An alcohol breath-test screening instrument; a breathalyzer with an analyzer cell used in police units worldwide to check drivers suspected of excessive drinking.
alcholometrical
A reference to the use of an alcoholometer.
alcogel
A gelatinous precipitate from a colloidal solution in alcohol.
alcohol
1. A colorless, volatile, pungent liquid; synthesized or derived from fermentation of sugars and starches, it can be burned as fuel, is used in industry and medicine, and is the intoxicating element of whiskey, wine, beer, and other fermented or distilled liquors. It is also called "ethyl alcohol". 2. Any of a series of hydroxyl compounds, the simplest of which are derived from saturated hydrocarbons, and include ethanol and methanol.
alcoholate
A tincture or other preparation containing alcohol.
alcoholature
An alcoholic tincture prepared with fresh plants.
alcoholemia, hyperalcoholemia
The presence of ethanol in the blood.
alcohol-ether
A chemical compound used in shampoos, bubble baths, body wash, liquid soaps.
alcohol fuel
A motor fuel of gasoline blended with 5-25% of amhydrous ethyl alcohol; used particularly in Europe; gasohol.
alcoholic
1. Relating to, containing, or produced by alcohol. 2. One who suffers from alcoholism. 3. One who abuses or is dependent upon alcohol.
O God! That men should put an enemy in their mouths to steal away their brains.
—Cassio, in Othello by William Shakespeare (1564-1616)
alcoholica
Spanish word for alcohol.
alcoholicity
The degree of alcoholic content.
alcoholimeter
A device, such as a form of hydrometer, that measures the quantity of alcohol contained in a liquid.
alcoholism
1. Chronic alcohol abuse, dependence, or addiction; chronic excessive drinking of alcoholic beverages resulting in impairment of health and/or social or occupational functioning, and increasing adaptation to the effects of alcohol requiring increasing doses to achieve and sustain a desired effect; specific signs and symptoms of withdrawal usually are shown when one stops such drinking. 2. "Alcohol dependence" (currently the preferred term); "alcohol addiction". The terms refer to a variety of disorders associated with the repetitive consumption of alcohol, usually over a long period of time, in amounts that the drinker is unable to handle physiologically, emotionally, or socially.
People who drink to drown their sorrow should be told that sorrow knows how to swim.
—Ann Landers

andro-, andr-, -ander, -andry
(Greek: man, men, male, masculine; also, stamen or anther as used in botany)
andragogy, andragogue
1. The methods or techniques used to teach adults. Mistakenly used to refer to adult education for both male and female learners. “Mistakenly” because andro, -andra- refers only to males. 2. Another erroneous definition is, the art and science of helping adults learn.
andranatomy
1. The dissection of the male body. 2. The physical structure of the male body.
andriatry, andriatrics
1. Medical science relating to the treatment of diseases of male genital organs and of men in general.2. The branch of medicine dealing with diseases of men; such as, those of the male genitalia.
andric
Male, like a male, male characteristics.
andrium
The male portion of a flower.
androblastoma
A rare, benign tumor of the testis that histologically resembles the fetal testis, with varying proportions of tubular and stromal elements; the tubules contain Sertoli cells, which may cause feminization.
androcentric, androcentricity
1. Dominated by or emphasizing masculine interests or points of view; as an androcentric society. 2. Having a man, or the male, as the center of importance.
The four stages of man are: infancy, childhood, adolescence, and finally obsolescence.
—Art Linkletter
androcephalous
Having a man’s head (upon an animal’s body).
androchorous, androchory, androchore
Dispersed by the agency of man.
androconium, androconial
Scales on the wings of certain male Lepidoptera (butterflies) from which the attractive scent of the male is diffused.
androcracy, androcratic
The political rule by men or males; male supremacy.
androcyte
Male sex cell, especially of an immature stage; spermatid.
philander, philanderer
1. To carry on a sexual affair, especially an extramarital affair, with a woman one cannot or does not intend to marry. 2. To engage in many love affairs, especially with a frivolous or casual attitude. 3. Philanderer actually means "a lover of men" or of "one's husband", but a mistake was made in the adoption from the Greek and a different meaning was applied (according to David Muschell.)
polyandrous, polyandry
1. A reference to a female who mates with several males; having more than one husband or having several husbands. 2. Literally having many male sexual partners. 3. In botany, having numerous stamens.
protandrous, protandry, protandric
The condition of a hermaphrodite in which the male portion develops first or which is first male, and later sex reversed to female. 2. Said of a flower in which the pollen matures before the stigma is receptive.
proterandrous, proterandry
1. In botany, having the stamens or male organs mature before the pistil or female organ. 2. In zoology, a hermaphrodite animal; or a colony of zooids, having the male organs, or individuals, sexually mature before the female.
pseudandrous, pseudandry
Use of a masculine name by a woman as a pseudonym

angio-, angi-, -angium
(Greek > Latin: [receptacle], vessel, often a blood vessel; "covered by a seed or vessel", a seed vessel; a learned borrowing from Greek meaning "vessel", "container")
adenoangiosarcoma
An angiosarcoma involving gland structures.
anangioid
Seemingly without blood vessels.
anangioplasia, anangioplastic
1. The imperfect vascularization (formation of new blood vessels) of a part due to poorly formed or unformed blood vessels.2. Imperfect vascularization of a part due to nonformation of vessels, or vessels with inadequate caliber (diameter of a hollow tubular structure).
androgametangium (antheridium [s], antheridia [pl])
1. A male reproductive structure producing gametes, occurring in ferns, mosses, fungi, and algae.2. The male sex organ of spore-producing plants; produces antherozoids; equivalent to the anther in flowers.
angialgia, angialgistic
Pain in a blood vessel.
angiasthenia
Instability or loss of tone in the vascular system.
angiectasia
Dilation of a lymphatic or blood vessel.
angiectasis, angioectatic
Abnormal, usually gross dilatation and often lengthening of a blood or lymphatic vessel.
angiectatic
1. Marked by the presence of dilated blood vessels.2. A reference to or characterized by angiectasis.
angiectid
An abnormal intradermal venous dilatation, consisting of a circumscribed conglomerate mass of venules, which causes a frequently tense and tender elevation of the skin.
angiectomy
1. The excision or resection of a vessel.2. Excision of all or part of a blood vessel; also known as, arteriectomy or a venectomy.
angiectopia, angiectopic
1. An abnormal position or course of a vessel.2. Displacement or an abnormal location of a blood vessel.
angiitis, angiitides
Inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel.
angina
1. Any of various diseases or conditions characterized by painful or cramping spasms.
2. Any attack of painful spasms characterized by sensations of choking or suffocating.
3. Chest pain due to an inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle. The chest pain of angina is typically severe and crushing. There is a feeling just behind the breastbone (the sternum) of pressure and suffocation.
4. Any spasmodic, choking, or suffocating pain.
5. An old term for a sore throat.
anginal
1. Angina pectoris.
2. A condition, such as severe sore throat, in which spasmodic attacks of suffocating pain occur.

arena [harena], areni-
(Latin: harena; sand, sandy place, sea-shore; place of combat [literally, "place strewn with sand"])
arena
1. An indoor or outdoor area, surrounded by seating for spectators, where shows or sports events take place.2. A group of adjoining mating territories of a species.
arenaceo
A prefix that can be attached to other words with the meaning of sandy, mixed with sand; as with arenaceo-argillaceous: of the nature of sandy clay.
arenaceous
1. Used to describe rocks or deposits that are composed of sand grains or have a sandy texture. 2. A reference to plants that grow best in sandy soil. 3. Derived from or containing sand; having the properties of sand; growing in sand; sandy.4. Resembling sand in texture, sandy, or gritty.
arenavirus
A reference to the dense granules resembling sand inside their virion.
arenicole
1. Living or growing in sand.2. Any organism that thrives in sandy areas.
arenicolite
A worm-hole made originally in sand and preserved in a sandstone rock.
arenicolous
Occurring or growing and developing in sandy areas.
arenilitic
Of or pertaining to sandstone.
arenoid
1. Like or similar to sand.
2. Resembling grains of sand.

auto-, aut-
(Greek: self, same, spontaneous; directed from within)
autacoid, autacoidal
An organic substance formed by cells of an organ and carried by the circulatory system to a remote site where it affects another organ.
autaesthesy, autesthesy
Self-consciousness.
autagonistophilia
A sexual perversion in which sexual arousal and orgasm are contingent upon displaying one’s self in a live show, i.e. being observed performing on stage or on camera. The observer’s condition (if the stage or camera performance by the partner is a necessity for sexual arousal) is termed scoptophilia, [scopophilia], not voyeurism.
—Psychiatric Dictionary, 7th ed., by Robert J. Campbell]
autantonym
A word that means its opposite.
An example is the word fast, which when referring to a fast runner means a runner who runs rapidly or swiftly; but when it refers to a fast color, it means a color that doesn't run at all.
autarcesiology
The scientific study of natural immunity.
autarcesis
Natural immunity.
autarch
An absolute ruler; autocrat; a tyrant.
autarchy
1. Absolute sovereignty, despotism. 2. Self-government; an autocratic government by one person with unlimited authority over others.
autarkist
Someone who rules a nation that has a policy of economic independence.
autarky, autarkic, autarkical
1. The condition of self-sufficiency; especially, economic, as applied to a nation.
2. A national policy of economic independence.
autassasinophilia
Stage-managing one’s own murder, reported as an extreme form of masochism.
autechoscope
An instrument for self-auscultation.
autecology, autoecology, autecological, autoecological
1. The ecology of an individual organism or species.
2. The study of the ecology of an individual plant or species; the opposite of synecology.
autemesia
1. Idiopathic or functional vomiting.
2. Vomiting that is self-induced by provoking the gag reflex.
3. Vomiting induced by autosuggeston, as observed in certain mental patients.
autism
1. Mental introversion in which the attention or interest is fastened on the patient's own ego; a self-centered mental state from which reality tends to be excluded.
2. A mental disorder characterized by severely abnormal developments of social interaction and verbal and nonverbal communication skills.
3. A tendency to view life in terms of one's own needs and desires.
Affected individuals may adhere to inflexible, nonfunctional rituals or routine. They may become upset with even trivial changes in their environment. They often have a limited range of interests but may become preoccupied with a narrow range of subjects or activities. They appear unable to understand others' feelings and often have poor eye contact with others.
Unpredictable mood swings may occur. Many demonstrate stereotypical motor mannerisms; such as, hand or finger flapping, body rocking, or dipping. The disorder is probably caused by organically based central nervous system dysfunction, especially in the ability to process social or emotional information or language.

A-, ab- and so on

Prefix	Meaning	Example
a, an	without, not	asexual, amoral, anarchy, anhydrous, Anabaptist, anachronism
ab, abs, a	apart, away from	abnormal, abduct, abductor (muscle), abscission.

These are all prefixes. They are mainly used in Latin; however, it seems they can also be Greek.

Amoral:
1. Not admitting of moral distinctions or judgments; neither moral nor immoral.

2. Lacking moral sensibility; not caring about right and wrong.

Anarchy:

1. Absence of any form of political authority.

2. Political disorder and confusion.

3. Absence of any cohesive principle, such as a common standard or purpose.

Anhydrous:
Without water, especially water of crystallization.

Anabaptist:
A member of a radical movement of the 16th-century Reformation that viewed baptism solely as an external witness to a believer's conscious profession of faith, rejected infant baptism, and believed in the separation of church from state, in the shunning of nonbelievers, and in simplicity of life.

Anachronism:

1. The representation of someone as existing or something as happening in other than chronological, proper, or historical order.

2. One that is out of its proper or chronological order, especially a person or practice that belongs to an earlier time.

Abnormal:
ot typical, usual, or regular; not normal; deviant.

Abduct:

1. To carry off by force; kidnap.

2. Physiology To draw away from the midline of the body or from an adjacent part or limb.

Abdomen:

1. The part of the body that lies between the thorax and the pelvis and encloses the stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and pancreas. Also called belly.

2. The corresponding region in vertebrates other than mammals.

3. The posterior segment of the body in arthropods.

Abscission:

1. The act of cutting off.

2. Botany The shedding of leaves, flowers, or fruits following the formation of the abscission zone.

Abstract:

1. Considered apart from concrete existence.

2. Not applied or practical; theoretical.

3. Difficult to understand; abstruse: abstract philosophical problems.

4. Thought of or stated without reference to a specific instance: abstract words like truth and justice.

5. Impersonal, as in attitude or views.

6. Having an intellectual and affective artistic content that depends solely on intrinsic form rather than on narrative content or pictorial representation: abstract painting and sculpture.


abacus
(Hebrew > Greek > Latin > Middle English: dust)

The source of the word abacus, the Greek word abax, supposedly comes from Hebrew abaq, meaning "dust", though the facts of such a transmission are unclear. In post-biblical usage abaq meant, "the use of sand as a writing surface". A meaning for the Greek word abax is "a board speckled with sand for drawing geometric diagrams." The difference in form between the Middle English word abacus and its Greek source abax is clarified by the fact that Middle English really borrowed Latin abacus, which came from Greek genitive form (abakos) of abax.

abacus (s); abaci (pl):
1. A manual computing tool consisting of a frame holding corresponding rods with movable counters.
2. In architecture, a portion on the top of the capital of a column.

abdomino-, abdomin-, abdomen-
(Latin: belly, venter)

abdomen:
That portion of the body that is between the lower thorax (chest) and the pelvis; or the part of the trunk under the diaphragm, with the biggest cavity in the body. Also called belly and venter. Derived from abdo, abdere, "to hide," and probably originally meant "hidden part of the body".

abdominal, abdominally:
Pertaining to the abdomen.

abdominalgia:
Pain in the abdomen; a bellyache.

Abdominoanterior:
With the abdomen forward, denoting a position of the fetus in utero.

Abdominocentesis:
Paracentesis (surgical procedure of the abdominal wall cavity for the aspiration of peritoneal fluid); i.e., puncturing of the abdomen with a hollow needle for the purpose of getting rid of fluid.

Abdominopelvic:
Relating to the abdomen and pelvis, particularly the combined abdominal and pelvic cavities.

Abdominoplasty:
An operation performed on the abdominal wall for beautification purposes and self esteem; an operation performed on the abdominal wall for aesthetic purposes.

-ability (Latin: a suffix ):
A few examples out of many words presented as the noun forms of -able; forming nouns of quality from, or corresponding to, adjectives in -able; the quality in an instrument that makes an act possible. The suffix -ible has related meanings.

Absorbability:
The quality of being absorbable; capability of being absorbed.

Accountability:
1. The state of being accountable, liable, or answerable.
2. Responsibility to someone or for some activity.
3. In education: a policy of holding schools and teachers accountable for students' academic progress by linking such progress with funding for salaries, maintenance, etc.

achievability:
The state or condition of being achievable.

affability, affableness:
The quality of being affable; readiness to converse or be addressed; especially, by inferiors or equals; courteousness, civility, openness of manner.

Applicability:
Relevance by virtue of being applicable to the matter at hand.

-able
(Latin: a suffix; capable of, able to, can do)

A suffix that forms adjectives. The suffix -ible has related meanings; expressing ability, capacity, fitness; capable of, fit for, able to be done, can be done, inclined to, tending to, given to.

This list is only a small sample of the thousands of -able words that exist in Englsh.

Abominable:
A bad omen; nasty and disgusting; vile; loathsome.

Acidifiable:
Capable of being converted into, or of combining so as to form, an acid.

Acquaintable:
Easy to be acquainted with; affable.

Affable:
Easy of conversation or address; courteous in receiving and responding to the conversation or address of others; especially underlings or equals; accostable, courteous, complaisant.
Ablutions or Bathing, Historical Perspectives
(Latin: abluere, to wash away)

Ablutions from the Past to the Present

In a leading public health textbook of 1908, W.T. Sedgwick noted that because personal hygiene is a means to control infectious diseases, “the absence of dirt is not merely an esthetic adornment.” He added that cleanliness is “doubtless an acquired taste.”
Sedgwick’s comment came at a time of transition, when personal hygiene wasn’t a widespread habit.
Through great periods of European and much of U.S. history, cleanliness was inconvenient, religiously restricted, or just plain out of fashion.
Living unwashed were saints, the masses, and monarchs alike.
In response to the debauchery of Roman baths, the early Christian church frequently discouraged cleanliness. “To those that are well, and especially to the young,” Saint Benedict in the sixth century commanded, “bathing shall seldom be permitted.”
Saint Francis of Assisi considered an unwashed body a stinking badge of piety. Queen Isabella of Castile boasted that she had had only two baths in her life—at birth and before her marriage.
Colonial America’s leaders deemed bathing impure, since it promoted nudity, which could only lead to promiscuity.
Laws in Pennsylvania and Virginia either banned or limited bathing. For a time in Philadelphia, anyone who bathed more than once a month faced jail.

Bathing facilities often were not available

The English of that era really couldn’t bathe even if they wanted to, notes V. W. Greene, a professor of epidemiology at the Ben Gurion Medical School in Beersheva, Israel. “There was no running water, streams were cold and polluted, heating fuel was expensive, and soap was hard to get or heavily taxed. There just weren’t facilities for personal hygiene. Cleanliness wasn’t a part of the folk culture.”
* Through much of the 19th century, adds Greene, Europeans and Americans lived in wretched filth, and many died young of associated diseases.
* Archaeological evidence suggests 5,000-year-old bathing facilities in Gaza. Soaplike material found in clay jars of Babylonian origin has been dated to about 2800 B.C.
* Before the time of Abraham in Middle Eastern desert climes, custom dictated that hosts offer washing water to guests to clean their feet.
* One of the first known bathtubs comes from Minoan Crete that was found in the palace at Knossos and is dated about 1700 B.C.
* The palace plumbing system had terra-cotta pipes that were jointed and cemented together and were tapered at one end to give water a shooting action to prevent the buildup of clogging sediment. Their technology put Minoans in the hydrological vanguard.

The ancients had their hygienic practices

* The ancient Egyptians didn’t develop such plumbing, but they definitely liked hygiene which was evident in their use of fresh linen and body ointments, skin conditioners, and deodorants of the day.
* The Greeks apparently prized cleanliness. Although they apparently didn’t use soap, Greeks anointed their bodies with oil and ashes, scrubbed with blocks of pumice or sand, and scraped themselves clean with a curved metal instrument called a “strigil”. Immersion in water and anointment with olive oil followed their ablutions.
* At its peak of ablutive excess, it may have seemed that all of Rome indulged in the baths. In the fourth century A.D., the city had eleven large and magnificent public bathhouses, more than 1,350 public fountains and cisterns, and many hundreds of private baths.
* Served by thirteen aqueducts, Rome’s per-capita daily water consumption averaged about 300 gallons, nearly what an American family of four uses today.
* Roman baths usually opened at midday, just as sportsmen finished their games or exercises. A bather first entered the “tepidarium”, a moderately warm room for sweating and lingering.
* Next came the “calidarium”, a hotter room for greater sweating, or perhaps the ultrahot "laconicum".
* In these the bather doused himself with copious quantities of warm, tepid, or cold water.
* Scraped off with a strigil, sponged and reanointed, the Roman concluded the process by plunging into the cool and refreshing pool of the “frigitarium”.
* Rome’s obsession with bathing is said to be a factor that helped send the empire down the drain.

Early Christian leaders condemned bathing as unspiritual

* “The father’s of the early church equated bodily cleanliness with the luxuries, materialism, paganism and what’s been called ‘the monstrous sensualities’ of Rome,” explains Professor Greene.
* Within a few centuries, the public and private sanitation practices of Greece and Rome were forgotten; or, as Greene adds, were “deliberately repressed.”
* Europe during the Middle Ages, it’s often been said, went a thousand years without a bath.
* Gregory the Great, the first monk to become pope, allowed Sunday baths and even commended them, so long as they didn’t become a “time-wasting luxury.”
Guardians of culture and knowledge during the Dark Ages, Europe’s monasteries also preserved some of Rome’s hydrological technology and cleanliness habits.
Elaborate plumbing laid in 1150 served the Christchurch Monastery at Canterbury, with settling tanks to purify water, and branches that fed the kitchen and laver.
Greene stated, “People always talk about the good old days, before pesticides and pollution; but in the good old days of Europe and the United States, people lived in filth, with human and animal fecal matter all around. The rivers were filthy. Clothing was infested with vermin.”

Cleanliness leads to better health

* Although scholars point to advances in medical science; such as, vaccines and antibiotics, as the major factors in turning the tide against disease, the changes in personal and domestic hygiene should be given considerable credit for improvements in better health conditions.
* “For one thing,” Greene explains, “pasteurization and vaccines didn’t really come along until the mortality decline was well established. That’s not to say vaccines weren’t important. But nearly 40 diseases are transmitted by feces, urine, and other secretions on contaminated hands or other objects. The greatest cause of fatal infant diarrhea came from mothers who went to the toilet, didn’t wash their hands and passed along intestinal bacteria to their babies.”
* Body ordor is not caused by the human body or sweat itself. The skin has more than two million sweat glands, and the perspiration that comes from the abundant eccrine sweat glands is fundamentally clear and odorless.
* Common skin flora, consisting of several kinds of benign bacteria, feed off the secretions and skin particles on the body and clothing. In the process of eating and eliminating waste, the bacteria cause the stench.
* Most people rely on soap and water to get rid of the sweat that bacteria eat. Since soap contains fats, oils, and alkali; it loosens the bonds that hold dirt, oil, and bacteria to the skin and suspends them in water.
* Some experts say that the way to get really clean is to soak and to wash in a bathtub and then to shower off the “floating soap and body-oil slick” that clings to the body when a person stands up in the tub.
* Even in our “modern age”, too many people who should know better, do not wash their hands after using a toilet.
* Cleanliness, via ablutions, is one of the most important ways to maintain good health.

abluto-, ablut-
(Latin: washing; especially as a ritual; cleansing)

From Latin ab- and luere, "to wash" which is related to lavare, "to wash".


abluent

1. Serving to cleanse.
2. A cleansing agent; a detergent.

ablution

1. A cleansing of the body, especially in a religious ceremony.
2. The liquid used in such a washing.

ablutionary

1. Of or pertaining to washing the body, or parts of it.
2. Cleansing the body by washing; especially, ritual washing of the hands, etc.

ablutions

This may refer to the practice of removing sins, diseases or earthly defilements through the use of ritual washing, or the practice of using ritual washing as one part of a ceremony to remove sin or disease.

ablutomania

1. An obsessional preoccupation with cleanliness, washing, or bathing, often accompanied by compulsive rituals.
2. An obsessive-compulsive disorder is very often seen in a condition; such as, obsessive-compulsive psychoneurosis.
3. A morbid impulse to wash or to bathe, or an incessant preoccupation with thought of frequent hand-washing, or bathing; often seen as an obsessive-compulsive disorder.
-ably, a suffix;
(able manner, capably)

In an able manner, or capably; forming adverbs corresponding to adjectives in -able.

Adorably:
Able to love because of cuteness and innocence

Amiably:
Friendly and agreeable in disposition; good-natured and likeable.

Amicably:
Good natured

Comfortably:
Able to do or be with comfort

Comparably:
Able to compare to another thing

Conceivably:
Believably

Creditably:
Able to give credit to; deserves credit

Durably:
Capable of withstanding wear or decay.

Laudably:
Deserving praise.

abort-, aborti-
(Latin: miscarry, pass away, perish by an untimely birth)

abort, aborted, aborting

1. To give birth before the fetus is viable; have a miscarriage; to fail to be completed.
2. To cut short because of some failure in equipment: "To abort a flight because of radio failure."
3. Originally, "to set" or "to disappear" (as the sun). Composed of ab-, "from" and oriri- "to arise"; the part of the sky, or the world, in which the sun rises; the East.

aborticide

The killing of a fetus during an abortion.

aborticide, feticide

The killing of a fetus.

abortifacient

A drug or device that causes an abortion or kills the fetus before birth.

abortion, abortional

1. Expulsion of a fetus from the womb before it is viable; however, medical personnel will also u

e this term for a miscarriage, which is involuntary, calling it a "spontaneous abortion".
2. Induced termination of pregnancy before the fetus is capable of independent survival.
3. Anything that fails to develop, progress, or mature; such as, a design, project, or a badly developed plan, etc.
4. To miscarry, to disappear.
4. Etymology: ab-, "from, away from" and oriri, "to come into being, to rise, to be born".

aboulo-, aboul-, abulo-, abul-
(Greek: irresolution, indecision, loss or defect of the ability to make decisions)

aboulia, abulia

1. Loss or impairment of the ability to perform voluntary actions or to make decisions.
2. Loss of will-power, as a mental disorder.
3. Reduction in speech, movement, thought, and emotional reaction; a common result of bilateral frontal lobe disease.

aboulias, abulias

Loss or impairment of the ability to make decisions or act independently.

aboulic, abulic

Relating to or suffering from aboulia/abulia.

aboulomania, abulomania

A mental disorder in which there is a loss of will-power.

abulia, abulic

1. Absence of willpower or wishpower; the term implies that the subject has a desire to do something but the desire is without power or energy.
2. A disorder marked by the partial or total inability to make decisions.

paraboulia, parabulia

Perversion of volition or will in which one impulse is checked and replaced by another.

As a side note I would also like to point out that ab- means away from while ad- (very similar) means toward, which i found a little ironic.

Questions

My expert team was made up of Ashley, Zack, and myself. We had the ninth and tenth questions, those on the topic of the equestrians. It was mainly Ashley who found important facts for questions, all three of us created the questions, then Zack and I refined them. We actually made about seven questions to choose from, then chose the two best that seemed like they were the most significant to the importance of equestrians. The equestrians were more of an upper class style of people, yet not exactly nobles. They could be called into war, as at first they were the horsemen. Later on, though, the equestrians became businessmen and took up such occupations as bankers and administrators. They were high-class and important to society.



Expert Questions:

9. What did the equestrian class form?
They formed the cavalry at first, but then they grew bussiness.

10. What were upperopriate occupations?
They were tax collectors, bankers, miners, exporters, administrators, and many other upper class occupations.

Questions:
1. Who was Octavian and where was he born?
Octavian would soon be known as Augustus and would be the ruler of Rome, and thus the known world. Augustus was born in a small town in Italy.

2. How did Julius Caesar die?
On the ideas of March he was murdered at a meeting of the senate.

3. What did Augustus eventually become?
Augustus eventually became emperor of Rome because he was Caesar's son.

4. How did Anthony and Cleopatra affect Augustus?
Anthony and Cleopatra made everyone see that Augustus was a evil ruler.

5. What are the different classes of designators?
Senators, reticians, recretations, publicians, slaves, and freeman were the different classes of designators in this period of time.

6. What separated each class?
The clothing laws helped distinguish the classes.

7. What power did the senators have?
They had the rights to hold the highest official offices and judge ships in criminal cases.

8. What were Patricians?
Patricians were families that dominated the political, religious, and military leadership of the Empire.

11. What was the plebian?
All free Roman citizens who were members of the upper class.

12. What did they do?
They were farmers, bankers, builders, artists and other respectable and highly workers.

13. From what background did the slaves come from?
Slaves was not based on race. They came from conquered societies.

14. How well did they fit in society?
Roman slaves merged so well into the population that the senate was considered a plan to distinguish them by special dress.

15. When was Julius Caesar assassinated?
44 B.C.

16. When did the conquest of Britain begin?
43 A.D.

Equestrians:




This picture actually depicts the power of an equestrian: a woman under him, and some following him.